Industry: Hydropower
Operating Conditions: Pressure steel pipe DN4000, internal pressure 2.5 MPa, crossing a fault, radial displacement ±70 mm, 5 expansion joints.
Solution: Large-diameter thick-walled bellows (316L, wall thickness 12 mm) + limit rods, external reinforcement rings.
Results: Operated normally for 20 years, absorbed fault displacement, and prevented steel pipe rupture.
Key Points: Large-diameter, high-pressure systems must include reinforcement rings + stability verification + limit protection.
